Anthropological Turn: Preconditions, Latent Traditions, and Discourses. The second part: Latent Traditions

Abstract

The anthropological turn is considered within the conceptual frameworks of cultural-analytical and transdisciplinary approaches. From the perspective of the cultural-analytical approach, it is shown that in the formation of social knowledge in the history of Russian science, anthropological, humanistic, and cultural-psychological traditions were not concentrated within a particular direction but represented diffuse, scattered, and mixed intellectual movements. In this context of the evolution of social knowledge, pedagogical anthropology represented the strongest aspect of the Russian intellectual tradition in studying the holistic human in the conditions of their social existence. This circumstance leaves room today for reconstructions of non-canonical histories of social knowledge - anthropological, anthropological-pedagogical, cultural-psychological, humanistic concepts, etc. At the same time, the absence of institutionalization and rigid disciplinary structure ensured the survival of anthropological, cultural-psychological, and humanistic ideas in unfavorable political contexts, with the strengthening of authoritarian and totalitarian tendencies. When suppressing certain intellectual movements or scientific directions (such as teaching philosophy in the 1850s or the development of pedology in the mid-1930s), marginalized trends and concepts often continued their latent development under other names in adjacent disciplinary areas. Due to these socio-political circumstances, such scientific directions as cultural, social, and psychological anthropology could not emerge in the evolution of Russian social knowledge in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, related ideas and humanistic tendencies were partly realized in the intellectual movement of pedagogical anthropology. It is emphasized that it was pedagogical anthropology that integrated the diversity of anthropological, cultural-psychological, and humanistic representations, becoming almost the main stream for synthesizing ideas of human knowledge.